INR | WESTERN EUROPE: Weekly Updates

Russia's Hybrid War on the West: A Creeping Threat 

Russia is waging a hybrid war against the West, using a variety of tactics to destabilize the region and weaken its resolve to help Ukraine. These tactics include espionage, cyberattacks, disinformation, and sabotage.

1. Russia has been ramping up its hybrid war operations in recent months, targeting critical infrastructure and government institutions across Europe.

2. The goal of these attacks is to sow discord within NATO and undermine Western support for Ukraine.

3. Many of the attacks are carried out by proxies, making it difficult to attribute them directly to Russia.

4. Experts warn that Russia's hybrid war is a long-term threat that the West needs to take seriously.

Read more on CNN:

https://www.cnn.com/2024/06/30/europe/russia-hybrid-war-nato/index.html

 

Bulgarian Customs Seize Massive Heroin Haul Worth €4.8 Million

  

1. Bulgarian customs intercepted 106 kilograms (233 pounds) of heroin valued at €4.8 million ($4.9 million) in a car coming from Turkey.

2. The 38-year-old driver, holding both French and Turkish citizenship, has been detained and faces up to 20 years in prison if convicted of drug trafficking.

3. The heroin was concealed in 209 sealed bags hidden under the car seats, discovered during a search on Monday.

4. The route used is a common drug trafficking path from Afghanistan through Iran, Turkey, and Bulgaria to Western Europe.

5. Bulgaria, an EU member, has recently intensified efforts to combat drug trafficking.

Read more:

https://apnews.com/article/middle-east-turkey-bulgaria-western-europe-4a3313ecaa64ab59e0a2e0cf3d1acf35

 

 

Russian Missile Attack in Kharkiv Kills Four as Biden Approves U.S. Counterstrikes

 

 

1. Russian ballistic missiles struck an apartment block in Kharkiv, killing at least four people and injuring 25 in a night-time attack.

2. The strike came shortly after U.S. President Joe Biden approved Ukraine's use of American weapons to counterattack Russian military assets in the Kharkiv region.

3. Russia launched five S-300/S-400 missiles, with one hitting a residential building and another targeting first responders 25 minutes later, a tactic known as a "double tap."

4. The attack is part of a broader Russian offensive in Kharkiv, stretching Ukraine's already depleted forces and causing mass evacuations.

5. While Biden's decision allows Ukraine to use U.S.-supplied weapons for defensive counterfire, restrictions remain on using these weapons to strike inside Russian territory, frustrating Ukrainian officials.

Read more at: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/ukraine-ap-kharkiv-russia-prague-b2554378.html

NATO foreign ministers gathered in Prague to prepare for the upcoming leaders' summit

 

NATO foreign ministers gathered in Prague to prepare for the upcoming leaders' summit and discuss increased support for Ukraine, particularly regarding the use of Western-supplied weapons.

Following President Biden’s approval for Ukraine to use American munitions to defend Kharkiv, several NATO countries, including the Netherlands, Finland, Poland, and Germany, voiced their support.

NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg emphasized Ukraine’s right to self-defense, including targeting legitimate military threats inside Russia.

Ukrainian officials, led by President Zelenskyy, have been pressing for more flexibility in using Western weapons, especially as Russian attacks from its territory have intensified.

The NATO summit in Washington will celebrate the alliance's 75th anniversary, with expectations that at least two-thirds of members will meet the defense spending commitment of 2% of GDP.

 

Read more at: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/ukraine-ap-kharkiv-russia-prague-b2554378.html

 

 

 

Turkey and Germany in Diplomatic Row Over Turkish Soccer Player's Controversial Goal Celebration

 

1. Turkish defender Merih Demiral sparked controversy by making a "wolf salute," linked to the right-wing extremist group "Grey Wolves," after scoring against Austria in the European Championship.

2. Germany summoned Turkey’s ambassador to Berlin, escalating a diplomatic dispute, while Turkey recalled the German ambassador in response.

3. UEFA is investigating Demiral’s gesture, which has been condemned by German leaders as inappropriate and xenophobic.

4. Turkey criticized Germany’s reaction, calling it xenophobic, and defended the gesture as a cultural symbol, condemning UEFA's investigation.

5. Turkish President Tayyip Erdogan is expected to visit Berlin for Turkey’s game against the Netherlands amidst the ongoing diplomatic tensions.

Read more at: https://edition.cnn.com/2024/07/04/sport/merih-demiral-celebration-controversy-turkey-euro-2024-spt-intl/index.html

Migrants Struck by Train in Serbia

 

1. Incident Details: Two migrants were killed by a train on the railway between Pirot and Dimitrovgrad in eastern Serbia, near the Bulgarian border.

2. Time of Accident: The accident occurred around 8 p.m. on Thursday.

3. Investigation: Police are working to identify the men and determine whether they were alone or part of a larger group.

4. Migration Route: Migrants often use railway tracks to navigate towards Western Europe, entering Serbia from Bulgaria before heading to EU member states.

 

Read more at: [AP News](https://apnews.com/hub/migration)

News bits collected and drafted by:
Deepanshi Pathak (BA IR, 2nd year) (Region Head)
Uttam Roy (BA IR 2nd year)
Published By: Varsha Das (BA IR, 2nd year)

INR | WESTERN EUROPE: Weekly Updates

 

Draghi's Resignation Offer Rejected, Government Stability in Question

Photo Credit: https://www.npr.org/2022/07/14/1111541333/italy-mario-draghi-resignation

• Italian Premier Mario Draghi offered to resign after the populist 5-Star Movement, part of his coalition, refused to vote for a key economic bill.

• President Sergio Mattarella rejected Draghi's resignation and asked him to seek further support in Parliament.

• Despite the 5-Star Movement's abstention, Draghi's government won a confidence vote in the Senate with a 172-39 majority.

• Draghi will seek a confidence vote on the government's overall viability on July 20.

• The political crisis has alarmed EU officials and caused a significant drop in the Milan stock exchange.

• If Draghi fails to secure a stable coalition, early elections might be called, with current parliamentary terms set to end in spring 2023.

• The 5-Star Movement's internal issues and opposition to specific bill provisions have contributed to the coalition's instability, with broader implications for Italy's governance during crises like the pandemic, war in Ukraine, and economic inflation.

Read Ahead At: https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-boris-johnson-mario-draghi-government-and-politics-a0ea159301e7b4bbbdaafe44acd77576?utm_source=copy&utm_medium=share

G7 Summit in Italy: Key Points to Watch

Photo Credit: https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/what%27s-on-the-agenda-at-italy%27s-g7-summit%3F/80354795

• Leaders from G7 countries (US, Canada, Germany, France, Italy, Japan, UK), European Council, European Commission, and guests including Pope Francis, King Abdullah II, and leaders from Ukraine, India, Brazil, and other nations will attend. Also present are heads of the UN, World Bank, IMF, African Development Bank, and OECD.

• Discussions from June 13-15 will cover Africa, climate change, development, the Middle East (focusing on Gaza), Ukraine, migration, Asia Pacific, economic security, AI, energy, and the Mediterranean.

• Key issues at the G7 Summit include a potential $50 billion loan for Ukraine using profits from frozen Russian assets, support for President Biden’s Gaza ceasefire proposal and return of captives, and the expansion of Italy’s Mattei Plan to boost growth in Africa and curb migration by positioning Italy as a major energy hub.

• Discussions on China's industrial overcapacity and its economic influence.

• The G7 aims to show unity against geopolitical threats from Russia and China, and to demonstrate commitment to broader global engagement beyond just Western interests.

• The G7’s relevance has shifted from the dominant global economic club to a group of like-minded industrialized nations, especially significant after the rise of groups like BRICS.

• While the G7 Summit doesn’t result in formal agreements, it produces a joint statement indicating future policy directions and priorities of the member nations. The summit’s significance lies in the diplomatic messages and unity it projects.

Read Ahead At: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/6/12/g7-meets-in-italy-whats-on-the-table

G7 Summit: US Pushes for Support Plan for Ukraine Amid Ongoing Discussions

Photo Credit: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/may/21/g7-summit-zelenskiy-meets-world-leaders-in-japan-as-ukraine-war-dominates-talks

• The US is advocating for a $50 billion loan to Ukraine, to be repaid using interest from $260 billion in frozen Russian assets.

• Some European countries, notably Germany and France, remain skeptical of the proposal, with concerns about financial and logistical challenges.

• The interest from frozen Russian assets, generating up to $3.7 billion annually, is contingent on unanimous renewal by EU states, adding risk to the US plan.

• If Russia and Ukraine reach a peace deal, the fate of the frozen assets and the loan repayment becomes uncertain, raising questions about long-term financial guarantees.

• Despite technical issues, there is a political drive to reach an agreement or at least continue negotiations, demonstrating G7 unity against Russia.

• The G7 summit will emphasize political solidarity and strategic support for Ukraine, diverging from its traditional focus on global economic governance.

• A finalized loan agreement would ensure Ukraine's financial stability through 2025, regardless of the outcome of the upcoming US election.

Read Ahead At: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/6/12/us-and-ukraines-eu-allies-rush-to-agree-deal-on-russian-assets-ahead-of-g7

Russian Naval Drills in the Atlantic En Route to Cuba

Photo Credit: https://caribbean.loopnews.com/content/russian-warships-conduct-atlantic-drills-en-route-cuba

• The Russian frigate Admiral Gorshkov and nuclear submarine Kazan carried out missile drills in the Atlantic, targeting mock enemies over 600km away.

• These exercises are part of a four-vessel group headed to Cuba, expected to arrive Wednesday. Cuba emphasized the standard nature of such visits by friendly nations, asserting no nuclear weapons are on board.

• Amid high tensions over the Ukraine war, the US Navy is closely monitoring these drills but does not perceive them as a direct threat.

• The presence of Admiral Gorshkov, armed with Zircon hypersonic missiles, underscores Russia's capability for global power projection.

• Zircon missiles can travel nine times the speed of sound, with a range of over 1,000km, making them a significant addition to Russia's naval arsenal.

• This naval visit highlights the strong bilateral relations between Russia and Cuba, reinforcing their "historically friendly relations."

• The visit follows Putin’s indication that Russia might equip adversaries of the West with similar weapons, reflecting ongoing global strategic maneuvering.

Read Ahead At: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/6/12/russian-warships-conduct-missile-drills-in-atlantic-on-way-to-cuba

US Lifts Ban on Providing Weapons and Training to Ukraine's Azov Brigade

Photo Credit: https://edition.cnn.com/2024/06/12/europe/us-weapons-azov-brigade-ukraine-intl/index.html

• The US has lifted its ban on providing weapons and training to the Azov brigade, citing a thorough review and finding no evidence of human rights violations in the current unit.

• The original Azov militia, formed in 2014 with far-right connections, was absorbed into Ukraine’s National Guard as the 12th Special Forces Brigade. The US had previously banned it due to its neo-Nazi affiliations.

• The current Azov brigade rejects past extremist ties and has undergone significant reforms, including "cleansing" undesirable elements since 2015.

• Azov played a crucial role in the 2022 defense of Mariupol, earning a reputation as one of Ukraine’s most effective fighting units. US support is expected to enhance its combat capabilities amid the ongoing war with Russia.

• Azov soldiers' heroic defense of Mariupol's steelworks, despite severe shortages, has made them symbols of Ukrainian resistance. Weekly rallies call for the release of Azov POWs held by Russia.

• Moscow continues to label Azov a Nazi group and a terrorist organization, accusing it of atrocities without substantial evidence. The Kremlin criticizes the US decision as a move to suppress Russia by "flirting with neo-Nazis."

• Azov has been working to rebrand itself as a skilled and effective military unit, distancing from controversial figures and focusing on professional military conduct.

Read Ahead At: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/6/12/us-lifts-ban-on-sending-weapons-to-ukraines-controversial-azov-brigade

Deadly Journey: Migrants Killed by Train in Serbia

Photo Credit:https://images.app.goo.gl/dEcJVrJMgaXj7KxZ6

• Two migrants were struck and killed by a train in eastern Serbia, near the border with Bulgaria.

• The accident happened on Thursday night on a railway between Pirot and Dimitrovgrad.

• Authorities are working to identify the victims and determine if they were traveling alone.

• Migrants often use train tracks to navigate on their journeys towards Western Europe, facing dangers throughout their travels.

Read Ahead At: https://apnews.com/article/migration-bulgaria-accidents-western-europe-4c6546167146deb88586c2a9de6afd9c?utm_source=copy&utm_medium=share

Storm Fury in Europe: Deadly Winds, Drought and Devastation

Photo Credit: https://images.app.goo.gl/HG281JaEHhRgkhJv6

• Storms and hurricane-force winds batter France and Italy: At least 8 dead, widespread damage.

• France: Corsica hardest hit, with 6 deaths including a young girl. Trees uprooted, power outages, and injuries.

• Italy: Tuscany and Veneto declare emergencies. Tourist hotspot Venice experiences damage to St. Mark's Square and bell tower. Heavy rains cause flash floods and devastate crops. 

• Europe's weather extremes: While Western Europe battles storms, Central and Eastern Europe grapple with exceptional heat waves and drought.

Read Ahead At: https://apnews.com/article/storms-france-weather-thunderstorms-beeee9728504213cf7c3b63c7dabb417?utm_source=copy&utm_medium=share

Bulgarian Customs Bust Major Heroin Haul on Turkish Border

Photo Credit: https://images.app.goo.gl/rnBRCP1Txb9UyMpQ8

• Bulgarian customs officials seized 233 pounds of heroin.

• The drugs, worth nearly $5 million, were found hidden in a car with a dual French-Turkish citizen.

• The driver faces up to 20 years in prison if convicted on drug trafficking charges.

• Bulgaria has seen an increase in drug trafficking in recent years, acting as a route for Mideastern heroin into Western Europe.

Read Ahead At: https://apnews.com/article/middle-east-turkey-bulgaria-western-europe-4a3313ecaa64ab59e0a2e0cf3d1acf35?utm_source=copy&utm_medium=share

Rhine River Runs Dry, Threatening German Industry

Photo Credit: https://images.app.goo.gl/vDzYTw1EBExYXDDj9

• Weeks of drought cause critically low water levels in the Rhine River.

• Important for transporting goods, low water levels could stall industry as large ships struggle to navigate.

• Shortage adds to existing problems caused by natural gas shortage.

• Shipping companies are preparing for a "new normal" of lower water levels due to climate change.

Read Ahead At: https://apnews.com/article/germany-cologne-climate-and-environment-4942881f674d4e79bc06f9ea1514414b?utm_source=copy&utm_medium=share

Clock Ticking: Western Powers Urge Iran to Accept Nuclear Deal

Photo Credit: https://images.app.goo.gl/i7jhmjN2jUzde99t6

• Western Europe is pressuring Iran to revive the 2015 nuclear deal, fearing time is running out.

• The deal limited Iran's uranium enrichment for sanctions relief, but the US withdrew in 2018.

• Talks to restore the deal are stalled, with the EU proposing a final text and warning of the consequences of rejection.

• Both Iran and the US have reservations, but the EU argues it's the best option to prevent a nuclear crisis.

Read Ahead At: https://apnews.com/article/middle-east-iran-united-states-nuclear-07f1819d2fa03ca00e1fa3aa5b412a2b?utm_source=copy&utm_medium=share

News bits collected and drafted by:
Deepanshi Pathak (BA IR, 2nd year) (Region Head)
Uttam Roy (BA IR 2nd year)

Published By: Varsha Das (BA IR, 2nd year)

INR | EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA : Weekly Updates

 

Moldova likely to be the next target in Russia’s war

·   Russia sees Moldova as a “historical Russian territory”, reflecting Putin’s ambition to regain control over former Sviet republics and drive the US and European presence out of Eastern Europe.

·   Russia uses hybrid measures to destabilize the country, including disinformation, economic pressure, internal destabilization, corruption and proxy groups, election interference where the pro European Moldovan president Maya Sandu was ousted in favor of pro-Russian opposition. This move comes ahead of presidential elections and referendum about Moldova’s future membership into the European Union to be held in 2024.

Read more:

https://www.chathamhouse.org/2024/03/moldova-new-battleground-russias-war

Attempted attack on Yerevan police station by 3 armed men

·   Three men stormed a police station in the Armenian capital detonating hand grenades, injuring two in the process. The station was reportedly holding members of the Combat Brotherhood Organization detained earlier. The group opposes the transfer of villages in Armenia’s Tavush region to Azerbaijan.

·   Following the peace treaty signed between Azerbaijan and Armenia after a lightening military campaign was launched by the former, ending three decades of ethnic Armenian separatist rule in the Karabakh region, a border demarcation was agreed upon, based on mutual recognition of territorial integrity based on Soviet maps of 1991.

Read more:

https://apnews.com/article/yerevan-armenia-police-station-combat-bortherhood-0c9329c47908ba574c60469faaf52ed8

Russian Soyuz rocket takes off from Kazakhstan

·   The rocket carrying NASA astronaut Tracy Dyson, Russian Oleg Novitsky and Marina Vasilevskaya from Belarus, took off from the international space station on Saturday, one of the last remaining areas of collaboration between Russia and the west, amid tensions in Ukraine.

·   The space capsule separated and went into orbit eight minutes after the launch, beginning a two- day, 34 orbit trip to the space station.

Read more:

https://www.euronews.com/2024/03/24/russian-spacecraft-blasts-off-from-kazakhstan

Partnership between Kazakhstan and Qatar, investment worth $17.6 billion

• Long term strategic partnership between the two countries, prioritizing sectoral development projects. Construction of gas processing plants to boost commercial gas exports, including the Aktobe-Kostanai and Beineu-Bozoi-Shymkent, and a hydroelectric power station to boost Kazakhstan’s energy security.

• Currently, the two countries are set to collaborate in supplying halal and organic agricultural products and implement projects in the agricultural sector.

 Read more:

https://astanatimes.com/2024/03/kazakhstan-qatar-start-implement-investment-projects-worth-17-6-billion/

Report on refugee crisis in Armenia by WSU students

• As a part of Murrow College’s Backpack Journalism Program, students traveled to Yerevan to interview refugees and international aid workers helping to resettle them. The data collected showed tens of thousands of Armenians have fled the disputed region of Karabakh in Azerbaijan and settled in Yerevan.

• The scholarship program allows students to go on competitive, donor funded international reporting expeditions and publish their work.

Read more:

https://news.wsu.edu/news/2024/03/26/wsu-students-report-on-refugee-crisis-in-armenia/

Moldova's Constitutional Court on Tuesday, March 24 struck down a law restricting pro-Russian Party from polls

• This law was primarily aimed at preventing the pro-Russian Shor Party from participating in elections.
• The party was founded in 1998 and is headed by Ilan Shor, a businessman who fled to Israel in 2019.
• Over the past few months, the party has held demonstrations across Moldova, protesting against the policies of the country’s pro-West leader, Maia Sandu .

Read more - https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/moldovan-court-strikes-down-law-barring-pro-russian-party-polls-2024-03-26/

The EU and Moldova expanded their Road Transport Agreement

• The current Road Transport’s validity between the EU and Moldova got extended until December 31, 2025 . 
• The Agreement was first sealed on June 29, 2022 .
• Since it was signed, the EU Commission points out, the agreement “has substantially increased road exports from Moldova to the EU, benefiting both economies.” 

Read more - https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/news/eu-and-moldova-extend-road-transport-agreement-until-31-december-2025-2024-03-26_en

President Alexander Lukashenko contradicted Russian President Vladimir Putin while claiming that Belarus prevented Moscow suspects on the border

• The four suspects for the March, 22/2024 terrorist attack on Crocus City Hall, a concert venue on the outskirts of the Russian capital, were caught and arrested on the Belarus-Ukraine border.
• Lukashenko further claimed that, "terrorists were first headed for Belarus and they were turned away from the border due to heightened security.’’
• Lukashenko added , "Putin & I did not sleep for 24 Hours. He asked me to seal off our borders .’’

Read more - https://www.politico.eu/article/alexander-lukashenko-vladimir-putin-crocus-attack-moscow-terrorists-to-belarus-not-ukraine/

Ukraine, Georgia and Poland qualify after late drama in playoffs , EURO 2024 .

• The 24-nation Euro 2024 lineup was finalised Tuesday with three qualifying playoffs giving a stronger eastern European flavour to the tournament that opens June 14, 2024 in Germany.
• These triumphs infused a stronger eastern European presence into the event.
• Ukrainian fans displayed yellow-and-blue banners criticising Russia and its president Vladimir Putin in the stadium in Wroclaw due to the war-torn situation of the country .

Read more -

http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/108806620.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst

Azerbaijan warns Armenia as it plans a ‘full-scale war’

• "Our analysis shows that Azerbaijan wants to launch military action in some parts of the border with the prospect of turning military escalation into a full-scale war against Armenia," Armenian PM Nikol Pashinyan said.
• Tensions between the two Caucasus neighbors have been there since Armenian-populated region of Nagorno-Karabakh  was captured last September . On the other hand , Azerbaijan asks for the return of its land which also includes several tiny enclaves entirely surrounded by Armenian territory .

Read more -

https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/19/armenias-pm-warns-azerbaijan-could-start-war-over-disputed-border-villages

Russia and Serbia seek to refight Kosovo using lies this time

• It was 25 years ago yesterday that NATO intervened against Serbia in 1999 to stop the violations of human rights committed against the ethnic Albanian community in Kosovo. 

• At Russia's request, the U.N. Security Council is scheduled to discuss NATO intervention today. 

• This will start a new round of Russian disinformation regarding alleged NATO aggression against Serbia, which is Moscow's closest Balkan partner.

read more: https://www.google.com/amp/s/thehill.com/opinion/international/4553253-serbia-and-russia-want-to-refight-kosovo-this-time-with-disinformation/amp/

Still looking for a way out of the Pristina-Belgrade impasse over Kosovo's sole use of the euro, the EU

• As the conclusion of the transition phase draws near, tensions between Pristina and Belgrade are escalating due to the unresolved dispute over Kosovo's sole use of the euro for official payments.

• After expressing "concerns" earlier this year about the impact on the Serbian community in Kosovo, the European Union is attempting to push for a solution through Miroslav Lajčák, its special representative for the Belgrade-Pristina dialogue. 

• However, as of right now, neither of the two governments appears to have taken any concrete steps to move the dialogue forward.

read more:

https://www.eunews.it/en/2024/03/26/eu-still-seeks-way-out-of-pristina-belgrade-crisis-over-exclusive-use-of-euro-in-kosovo/

According to Armenia's PM, he must give back disputed territories to Azerbaijan or risk war

• Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan warned in a video released on Tuesday that if Armenia does not make concessions to Baku and give back four Azerbaijani villages that it has controlled since the early 1990s, it may go to war with Azerbaijan. 

• Pashinyan was speaking on Monday at a gathering with people who live near a series of abandoned Azerbaijani villages that Yerevan has controlled since the early 1990s. The meeting is located in the Tavush region of northern Armenia.

read more:

https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/armenias-pm-says-he-must-return-disputed-areas-azerbaijan-or-face-war-tass-2024-03-19/

Kyrgyzstan: Deported from Azerbaijan is fallen kingmaker Matraimov 

• In a shocking change of events, corrupt and once-powerful former customs official Rayimbek Matraimov was transferred to Kyrgyzstan for detention on March 26 after being placed into a plane in Azerbaijan. 

• The abrupt and swift expulsion occurred only a few days after government sources said Matraimov, who was residing in Azerbaijan, was involved in a conspiracy to kill the head of Kyrgyzstan.

read more:

https://eurasianet.org/kyrgyzstan-fallen-kingmaker-matraimov-deported-from-azerbaijan

Azerbaijan supportive towards 'Pak on Kashmir'

• According to outgoing Azeri Ambassador to India Ashraf Shikaliyev, Azerbaijan continues to assist Pakistan on the Kashmir dispute. 

• This strong friendship between Azerbaijan and Pakistan has infuriated India. 

• Azerbaijan's President Ilham Aliyev met with Pakistani Prime Minister Imran Khan in 2020, during which time he stated support for Pakistan on the Kashmir dispute.

read more: https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.livemint.com/news/india/azerbaijan-supportive-towards-pak-on-kashmir/amp-11703090939920.html

News Bits collected by [Region Head]: 

Poulina Banerjee (BA IR 2nd year)

Drafted by: 

Gauri Upreti (BA IR 1st year)

Angel Chindalia (MA IR 1st year)

Published by: Varsha Das (BA IR 2nd year)